Landscaping and Ornamental Gardening | Unit 3

UNIT III: Landscaping and Ornamental Gardening

HORMI-101: Garden Plant Components, Specialized Gardens, Structures, and Production Technology for Selected Ornamental Plants.

Table of Contents

1. Garden Plant Components 2. Specialized Gardens (Arboretum, Shrubbery, Fernery, Palmatum) 3. Garden Structures (Arches & Pergolas) 4. Boundaries & Borders (Hedges & Edges) 5. Climbers, Creepers, Cacti & Succulents 6. Herbs, Annuals & Flower Borders/Beds 7. Ground Covers, Carpet Beds & Bamboo Groves 8. Production Technology for Selected Plants 9. Important Exam Points (Revision)

1. Garden Plant Components

A. Introduction

Garden plant components refer to the different categories of plants used in landscape design to create structure, aesthetic appeal, and functional utility.

👉 These components form the living elements of a garden.

Objectives of Using Plant Components

• Beautification
• Shade and shelter
• Privacy and screening
• Soil conservation
• Microclimate regulation

B. Classification of Garden Plant Components

1. Trees

Definition: Woody perennial plants with a single main trunk and well-developed canopy.

• Functions: Provide shade, act as focal point, used for avenue planting, improve microclimate.
• Types:
  • Evergreen Trees: Retain leaves year-round (Example: Ashoka, Neem).
  • Deciduous Trees: Shed leaves seasonally (Example: Gulmohar, Amaltas).
  • Flowering Trees: Ornamental flowers (Example: Jacaranda, Cassia).
• Selection Criteria: Height & spread, growth rate, climate adaptability, non-invasive roots.

2. Shrubs

Definition: Woody plants with multiple stems, smaller than trees.

• Functions: Border planting, hedges, mass planting.
• Types: Flowering Shrubs (Hibiscus, Bougainvillea), Foliage Shrubs (Crotons, Duranta), Formal Shrubs (used in hedges and topiary).
• Uses: Foundation planting, screening, pathway lining.

3. Climbers and Creepers

Definition: Plants with weak stems requiring support (climbers) or spreading on ground (creepers).

• Types: Climbers need support (Bougainvillea, Jasmine). Creepers spread on ground (Money plant).
• Uses: Cover walls, pergolas, vertical gardening, ground cover.

4. Herbaceous Plants

Definition: Non-woody plants with soft stems.

• Types: Annuals, Biennials, Perennials.
• Examples: Marigold, Petunia, Chrysanthemum.
• Uses: Flower beds, seasonal decoration.

5. Annuals

Definition: Plants completing life cycle in one season/year.

• Types: Winter annuals (Petunia), Summer annuals (Zinnia).
• Uses: Flower beds, borders, seasonal display.

6. Ground Covers

Definition: Low-growing plants that cover soil surface.

• Functions: Prevent soil erosion, weed suppression, decorative carpet effect.
• Examples: Doob grass, Wedelia.

7. Lawns (Turf Grass)

Definition: Area covered with fine grasses forming a green carpet.

• Functions: Aesthetic appeal, recreational use, cooling effect.
• Types: Doob grass, Bermuda grass.

8. Hedges and Edges

• Hedges: Dense shrubs planted in rows. Used for boundary and privacy. (Example: Duranta).
• Edges: Low-growing plants along borders. (Example: Alternanthera).

9. Cacti and Succulents

Definition: Plants adapted to dry conditions.

• Features: Water storage tissues, reduced leaves.
• Uses: Rock gardens, xeriscaping, indoor decoration.

10. Aquatic Plants

Definition: Plants growing in water or wet soil.

• Types: Floating (Water lily), Submerged (Hydrilla), Marginal (Lotus).
• Uses: Water gardens, aesthetic value.

11. Palms and Bamboos

• Palms: Tall, ornamental. Used in avenue planting.
• Bamboos: Fast-growing grasses. Used for screening.

12. Fern and Shade-Loving Plants

Definition: Plants growing under low light.

• Examples: Ferns, Caladium.
• Uses: Indoor gardens, shaded landscapes.

C. Principles of Selection of Plant Components

• Climate adaptability
• Soil suitability
• Growth habit
• Maintenance requirement
• Aesthetic value
• Purpose (shade, hedge, decoration)

D. Functional Use of Plant Components

Function	Plant Component
Shade	Trees
Boundary	Hedges
Ground cover	Creepers
Seasonal color	Annuals
Vertical gardening	Climbers

2. Specialized Gardens

I. Arboretum

Definition: An arboretum is a specialized garden or area where different species of trees and woody plants are collected, grown, studied and displayed systematically for education, research, conservation, and aesthetic purposes.

👉 It is often called a tree museum.

• Objectives: Conservation of rare tree species, educational and research use, study of taxonomy and adaptation, landscape beautification.
• Characteristics: Trees planted systematically, properly labeled (Botanical name, Family, Origin). Includes both native and exotic species.
• Types: 
• Taxonomic Arboretum: Plants arranged according to botanical classification
• Geographic Arboretum: Trees grouped according to region/country
• Ornamental Arboretum: Focus on aesthetic landscape value
• Features: Wide pathways, lawn spaces, irrigation facilities, plant labeling system.
• Advantages
• Biodiversity conservation
• Educational importance
• Recreation and tourism
• Climate improvement
• Examples: National Botanical Research Institute (NBRI) Lucknow, Lalbagh Botanical Garden Bengaluru.

II. Shrubbery

Definition: A shrubbery is an area of the garden where shrubs are planted in groups or masses for ornamental effect.

• Objectives: Beautification, background planting, privacy and screening, softening building lines.
• Characteristics: Combination of flowering and foliage shrubs of different heights and colors arranged harmoniously.
• Principles of Design:
  • Height Arrangement: Tall shrubs (back), medium (middle), dwarf (front).
  • Color Harmony: Proper combination of foliage and flower colors.
  • Seasonal Effect & Spacing: Selection for different seasons; proper spacing prevents overcrowding.
• Types:
• Mixed Shrubbery: Different species planted together
• Single-species Shrubbery: Only one shrub species used
• Formal Shrubbery: Symmetrical arrangement
• Informal Shrubbery: Natural style planting
• Common Shrubs: Flowering (Hibiscus, Bougainvillea, Ixora) and Foliage (Crotons, Acalypha, Duranta).
• Advantages
• Enhances beauty
• Reduces soil erosion
• Creates garden structure

III. Fernery

Definition: A fernery is a specially designed garden or section for growing ferns and shade-loving plants under humid and shaded conditions.

• Characteristics of Ferns: Non-flowering plants, reproduce by spores, prefer shade, moisture, and humidity.
• Requirements: Partial/full shade, high humidity, cool to moderate temperature, soil rich in organic matter.
• Important Features: Artificial shade structures, Moist environment, Good drainage, Water source/misting.
• Common Ferns: Maidenhair fern, Boston fern, Bird’s nest fern.
• Uses: Indoor decoration, Shade gardens and Humid landscape areas
• Advantages
• Creates tropical effect
• Low light adaptability
• Attractive foliage

IV. Palmatum (Palm Garden)

Definition: A palmatum (palmetum) is a specialized garden devoted to the collection, cultivation and display of palms.

👉 Derived from the word "Palm".

• Objectives: Ornamental display, Conservation of palm species, Educational and research purposes
• Characteristics: Tropical appearance, tall elegant plants arranged systematically.
• Requirements: Warm climate, well-drained soil, adequate irrigation, open sunlight.
• Common Palms: Royal Palm (Roystonea regia), Areca Palm (Dypsis lutescens), Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera), Fan Palm (Livistona chinensis).
• Uses: Avenue planting, Lawn specimen plants, Tropical landscape effect and more
• Advantages:
• Architectural beauty
• Low maintenance
• Suitable for formal landscapes

Difference Between Arboretum, Shrubbery, Fernery and Palmatum

Feature	Arboretum	Shrubbery	Fernery	Palmatum
Main Plants	Trees	Shrubs	Ferns	Palms
Purpose	Collection & study	Ornamental grouping	Shade garden	Palm display
Environment	Open area	Garden borders	Humid shade	Tropical/open
Use	Research & beauty	Landscaping	Decorative foliage	Tropical landscape

3. Garden Structures

I. Arches

Flower arches creating a decorative garden walkway.

Definition: An arch is a curved or semi-curved garden structure designed to support climbers and create decorative entrances or pathways.

• Objectives: Beautification, vertical gardening, provide focal point, entrance decoration.
• Characteristics: Usually narrow and curved. Made of iron, wood, bamboo, or concrete.
• Placement: Garden entrance, pathways, junction points.
• Suitable Climbers: Bougainvillea (Bougainvillea spectabilis), Climbing Rose (Rosa spp.), Jasmine (Jasminum spp.), Allamanda (Allamanda cathartica).
• Advantages
• Improves garden aesthetics
• Provides vertical flower display
• Saves space

II. Pergolas

A classic pergola structure supporting climbing roses.

Definition: A pergola is a framework of pillars supporting an open roof structure covered with climbers.

👉 It forms a shaded walkway or sitting area.

• Features: Consists of pillars/posts and cross beams. Larger than arches with an open roof design. Made of wood, RCC, iron, or bamboo.
• Functions: Shade creation, ornamental feature, resting/sitting place, supports climbers.
• Suitable Plants: Bougainvillea (Flowering climber), Wisteria (Decorative), Rangoon creeper (Fragrant), Grapevine (Shade and fruit).
• Types: 
• Flat Pergola: Horizontal roof structure
• Arched Pergola: Curved upper frame
• Tunnel Pergola: Long covered pathway
• Advantages:
• Provides shade
• Enhances landscape beauty
• Reduces the heat effect
• Creates pleasant walkways

Difference Between Arches and Pergolas

Feature	Arch	Pergola
Structure	Curved frame	Pillar-supported roof
Size	Smaller	Larger
Purpose	Entrance decoration	Shaded pathway/sitting
Coverage	Limited	Extensive

4. Boundaries & Borders

I. Hedges

A densely planted formal hedge provides boundary definition.

Definition: A hedge is a row of closely planted shrubs or small trees trained and trimmed to form a boundary, fence, or partition.

• Objectives: Privacy, security, wind protection, and beautification.
• Characteristics: Dense foliage, regular pruning required, uniform height and shape.
• Types of Hedges:
  • Formal Hedge: Regularly trimmed, symmetrical (Duranta, Murraya).
  • Informal Hedge: Natural growth, less pruning (Hibiscus, Bougainvillea).
  • Defensive Hedge: Thorny plants used (Agave, Karonda).
  • Decorative Hedge: Attractive foliage/flowers (Acalypha, Crotons).
• Ideal Hedge Plants: Dense branching, fast recovery after pruning, evergreen, tolerant to clipping.
• Maintenance: Spacing is 15–45 cm, depending on species. Regular trimming and fertilization post-pruning are essential.
• Advantages
• Defines boundaries
• Reduces noise and dust
• Provides privacy
• Common Hedge Plants: Duranta (Formal), Murraya paniculata (Formal), Bougainvillea (Defensive), Clerodendron (Informal), etc.

II. Edges

Low-growing plants defining a garden path edge.

Definition: Edges are low-growing plants planted along paths, flower beds or lawns to define boundaries.

• Objectives: Beautification, separation of garden sections, improve neatness.
• Characteristics: Dwarf and compact plants, Easy to maintain, Uniform growth
• Types:
• Living Edges: Made with plants. Examples: Alternanthera, Alyssum
• Non-Living Edges: Brick, Stone, Tiles
• Ideal Characteristics: Slow-growing, compact habit, attractive foliage or flowers.
• Advantages:
• Defines garden layout
• Prevents soil erosion near paths
• Enhances ornamental value
• Common Edge Plants: Alternanthera (Colored foliage), Alyssum (Flowering), Dwarf marigold (Seasonal edge), etc.

Difference Between Hedge and Edge

Feature	Hedge	Edge
Height	Tall	Low
Purpose	Boundary/privacy	Border definition
Plants Used	Shrubs	Dwarf herbs/shrubs
Maintenance	Heavy pruning	Light trimming

5. Climbers, Creepers, Cacti & Succulents

I. Climbers and Creepers

Definition

Climbers: Plants with weak stems that require support to grow upward.

Creepers: Plants with weak stems that spread along the ground and do not climb naturally.

Characteristics

• Rapid growth
• Ornamental flowers/foliage
• Space-efficient
• Suitable for vertical gardening

Types of Climbers Based on Climbing Habit

1. Twiners: Stem twines around support. Examples: Morning glory, Clitoria
2. Tendril Climbers: Use tendrils for support. Examples: Passion flower, Grapevine
3. Root Climbers: Adventitious roots attach to walls. Examples: Money plant, Ivy
4. Hook Climbers: Use hooks or thorns. Examples: Bougainvillea

Uses in Landscaping

• Cover walls and fences
• Decoration of pergolas and arches
• Shade creation
• Vertical gardening

Common Climbers

Common Name	Botanical Name
Bougainvillea	Bougainvillea spectabilis
Jasmine	Jasminum spp.
Rangoon Creeper	Quisqualis indica
Passion Flower	Passiflora spp.

Common Creepers

Common Name	Botanical Name
Wedelia	Wedelia trilobata
Money Plant	Epipremnum aureum
Ipomoea	Ipomoea spp.

Advantages

• Beautify vertical spaces
• Reduce heat on walls
• Prevent soil erosion (creepers)
• Efficient use of limited space

II. Cacti and Succulents

A collection of water-storing cacti and succulents.

Definition:
Cacti: Succulent plants belonging mainly to the family Cactaceae, adapted to arid conditions.
Succulents: Plants with thick, fleshy tissues for water storage.

👉 All cacti are succulents, but not all succulents are cacti.

• Characteristics: Water storage tissues, reduced leaves/spines, thick cuticle, drought resistant. Adaptations include CAM photosynthesis, Reduced transpiration and an extensive root system.
• Uses: Rock gardens, xeriscaping, indoor decoration, container gardening.

Common Cacti

Common Name	Botanical Name
Barrel Cactus	Echinocactus spp.
Prickly Pear	Opuntia spp.
Christmas Cactus	Schlumbergera spp.

Common Succulents

Common Name	Botanical Name
Aloe vera	Aloe barbadensis
Agave	Agave americana
Jade Plant	Crassula ovata

Growing Requirements

Factor	Requirement
Light	Bright sunlight
Soil	Well-drained sandy soil
Water	Minimal watering
Humidity	Low

Advantages

• Low maintenance
• Drought tolerance
• Suitable for dry landscapes
• Attractive architectural forms

Difference Between Cacti and Succulents

Feature	Cacti	Succulents
Family	Mostly Cactaceae	Various families
Spines	Usually present	May or may not be present
Areoles	Present	Absent

6. Herbs, Annuals & Flower Borders/Beds

I. Herbs

A lush garden featuring a variety of herbs.

Definition: Herbs are usually soft-stemmed and aromatic plants valued for medicinal use, culinary use, fragrance, and ornamental value.

Characteristics

• Aromatic foliage
• Soft stems
• Easy cultivation

Classification

1. Culinary Herbs: Used in cooking. Examples: Basil, Mint, Coriander
2. Medicinal Herbs: Used for therapeutic purposes. Examples: Tulsi, Aloe vera
3. Ornamental Herbs: Used for decorative value. Examples: Lavender, Rosemary

Uses in Landscaping

• Kitchen gardens
• Fragrant gardens
• Border planting
• Medicinal gardens

Advantages

• Multipurpose use
• Aromatic effect
• Attract pollinators

II. Annuals

Vibrant annual flowers providing seasonal display.

Definition: Plants that complete their entire life cycle within one growing season or one year.

Characteristics

• Fast-growing
• Profuse flowering
• Seasonal display

Classification According to Season

1. Winter Annuals: Grow in cool season. Examples: Petunia, Pansy, Sweet pea
2. Summer Annuals: Grow in warm season. Examples: Zinnia, Sunflower, Portulaca
3. Rainy Season Annuals: Suitable for monsoon. Examples: Balsam, Celosia

Classification According to Height

Type	Height
Dwarf	Up to 30 cm
Medium	30–60 cm
Tall	Above 60 cm

Uses in Landscaping

• Flower beds
• Borders
• Hanging baskets
• Pot culture

Advantages

• Seasonal color effect
• Wide range of flower colors
• Easy cultivation

Important Annual Flowers

Flower	Season
Marigold	Winter
Petunia	Winter
Zinnia	Summer
Balsam	Rainy

III. Flower Borders

A stunning mixed flower border.

Definition: A long, narrow strip of land planted with flowering plants along paths, walls, lawns, or buildings.

👉 Mainly designed for ornamental effect.

Objectives

• Beautification
• Color harmony
• Framing lawns/pathways
• Seasonal display

Characteristics

• Usually rectangular or curved
• Plants arranged according to: Height, Color, Flowering season

Types of Flower Borders

1. Herbaceous Border: Uses perennial herbaceous plants. Examples: Chrysanthemum, Dahlio
2. Shrub Border: Uses shrubs only. Examples: Hibiscus, Ixora
3. Mixed Border: Combination of: Annuals, Shrubs, Perennials
4. Formal Border: Symmetrical design, Geometrical arrangement
5. Informal Border: Natural arrangement, Irregular pattern

Principles of Flower Border Design

1. Height Arrangement: Tall plants → back, Medium → center, Dwarf → front
2. Colour Combination: Harmonious flower colors, Avoid clashing colors
3. Succession of Blooming: Continuous flowering throughout the season
4. Proper Spacing: Avoid overcrowding

Common Plants Used

Tall Plants	Medium Plants	Dwarf Plants
Hollyhock	Salvia	Alyssum
Sunflower	Marigold	Pansy

Advantages

• Increases garden beauty
• Provides continuous flowering
• Enhances landscape structure

IV. Flower Beds

A defined formal flower bed creating a focal point.

Definition: A defined area planted with flowering plants for mass display.

Objectives

• Attractive floral display
• Focal point in garden
• Seasonal decoration

Types of Flower Beds

1. Formal Flower Bed: Geometrical shapes: Circular, Rectangular, Square
2. Informal Flower Bed: Irregular natural design
3. Carpet Bed: Special flower bed with dwarf colorful foliage plants forming patterns/designs
4. Island Bed: Flower bed visible from all sides
5. Raised Bed: Elevated above ground level

Principles of Bed Design

• Proper color contrast
• Symmetry in formal beds
• Good drainage
• Easy maintenance

Common Bedding Plants

• Petunia
• Marigold
• Salvia
• Zinnia

Advantages

• Seasonal ornamental effect
• Attractive garden focal point

Difference Between Flower Border and Flower Bed

Feature	Flower Border	Flower Bed
Shape	Long narrow strip	Defined area
Placement	Along edges/pathways	Anywhere in garden
Visibility	Usually from one side	Often from all sides

7. Ground Covers, Carpet Beds & Bamboo Groves

I. Ground Covers

Low-growing ground cover spreading across a landscape.

Definition: Low-growing, spreading plants used to cover the soil surface.

Objectives

• Prevent soil erosion
• Weed suppression
• Beautification
• Moisture conservation

Characteristics

• Dense growth
• Fast spreading habit
• Low maintenance

Ideal Characteristics

• Drought tolerance
• Pest resistance
• Attractive foliage/flowers

Types of Ground Covers

1. Herbaceous Ground Covers: Soft-stemmed plants. Examples: Wedelia, Alternanthera
2. Woody Ground Covers: Semi-woody plants. Examples: Lantana dwarf varieties
3. Grass Ground Covers: Turf grasses. Examples: Bermuda grass

Uses

• Slopes and embankments
• Under trees
• Lawn substitutes

Common Ground Cover Plants

Plant	Special Feature
Wedelia	Fast spreading
Alternanthera	Colored foliage
Portulaca	Drought tolerant

Advantages

• Reduces weed growth
• Prevents erosion
• Reduces soil temperature

II. Carpet Beds

Intricate carpet bed designs using foliage plants.

Definition: A decorative flower bed created using dwarf foliage plants arranged in patterns resembling a carpet.

Characteristics

• Geometrical designs
• Colour contrast using foliage plants
• Low-growing compact plants

Objectives

• Ornamental display
• Artistic garden design
• Formal landscaping

Common Designs

• Circular patterns
• Floral motifs
• Geometrical shapes
• Lettering designs

Plants Used

Plant	Feature
Alternanthera	Colored foliage
Iresine	Red foliage
Kochia	Compact growth

Requirements

• Regular trimming
• Proper spacing
• Frequent maintenance

Advantages

• Highly decorative
• Creates artistic effect
• Ideal for formal gardens

III. Bamboo Groves

Tall bamboo species grouped together for a tropical effect.

Definition: A plantation or grouping of bamboo species used in landscaping for ornamental and functional purposes.

Characteristics

• Fast-growing perennial grass
• Tall, hollow culms
• Evergreen nature

Objectives

• Screening and privacy
• Windbreaks
• Tropical landscape effect
• Soil conservation

Types of Bamboo

1. Clumping Bamboo: Grows in compact clumps, Less invasive. Example: Bambusa spp.
2. Running Bamboo: Spreads rapidly through rhizomes, Requires control

Uses in Landscaping

• Avenue planting
• Background planting
• Water garden landscaping
• Zen gardens

Important Species

Common Name	Botanical Name
Golden Bamboo	Bambusa vulgaris
Buddha Belly Bamboo	Bambusa ventricosa

Advantages

• Fast growth
• Noise reduction
• Eco-friendly material
• Carbon sequestration

8. Production Technology for Selected Ornamental Plants

A. INTRODUCTION

Definition
Production technology of ornamental plants includes the scientific methods and cultural practices used for:

• Propagation
• Cultivation
• Nutrition
• Irrigation
• Plant protection
• Harvesting and post-harvest management

of ornamental crops for commercial and landscape purposes.

B. OBJECTIVES OF ORNAMENTAL PLANT PRODUCTION

• Production of high-quality flowers and foliage
• Year-round flower availability
• Improvement in aesthetic value
• Commercial floriculture development
• Export-quality flower production

C. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR ORNAMENTAL PLANT PRODUCTION

Factor	Requirement
Climate	Crop-specific
Soil	Fertile, well-drained
pH	6.0–7.5 generally
Irrigation	Regular but not excessive
Sunlight	Full sun/partial shade depending on crop

D. PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF IMPORTANT ORNAMENTAL PLANTS

1. ROSE (Rosa spp.)

• Importance: Most important cut flower
• Used for: Landscaping, Perfume, Loose flowers
• Climate: Mild climate ideal
• Temperature: 15–28°C optimal
• Soil: Well-drained loam soil
• pH: 6.0–7.5
• Propagation
• Budding (T-budding)
• Stem cuttings
• Planting: Spacing is 60 × 60 cm generally
• Manures and Fertilizers
• FYM: 8–10 kg/plant/year
• NPK applied regularly
• Irrigation: Weekly during summer and Avoid waterlogging
• Special Practices
• Pruning essential for flowering
• Disbudding in hybrid tea roses
• Harvesting: Tight bud stage for cut flowers
• Yield: About 100–200 flowers/plant/year depending on type

2. CHRYSANTHEMUM (Chrysanthemum morifolium)

• Climate: Cool season crop. Ideal temperature: 15–20°C
• Propagation: Terminal cuttings, Suckers
• Planting Time: Rainy season to early winter
• Spacing: 30 × 30 cm
• Special Operations: Pinching → promotes branching, Disbudding → large flowers
• Uses: Cut flowers, Pot plants, Loose flowers

3. MARIGOLD (Tagetes spp.)

• Importance: Loose flower crop, Garland making, Bedding plant
• Climate: Warm climate preferred. Temperature: 18–30°C
• Propagation: Seeds
• Planting:

  Type	Spacing
  African marigold	45 × 45 cm
  French marigold	30 × 30 cm

• Special Practices: Pinching improves branching
• Flowering: Starts 60–70 days after transplanting
• Yield: 8–12 t/ha flowers

4. TUBEROSE (Polianthes tuberosa / Agave amica)

• Importance: Highly fragrant flowers, Cut flower and loose flower
• Climate: Warm humid climate
• Propagation: Bulbs
• Planting Time: February–March or July
• Spacing: 30 × 20 cm
• Irrigation: Regular irrigation required
• Harvesting: Spikes harvested when 1–2 flowers open

5. GLADIOLUS (Gladiolus grandiflorus)

• Importance: Popular cut flower
• Climate: Mild climate, Cool growing conditions preferred
• Propagation: Corms and cormels
• Spacing: 30 × 20 cm
• Special Practices: Staking required, Earthing up improves support
• Harvesting: Spike harvested when basal florets show color

6. JASMINE (Jasminum spp.)

• Importance: Fragrant flowers. Used for: Garland, Perfume, Religious purposes
• Climate: Warm tropical climate
• Propagation: Stem cuttings, Layering
• Spacing: 1.5 × 1.5 m
• Special Practices: Annual pruning improves flowering

E. COMMON CULTURAL PRACTICES

1. Irrigation: Regular but controlled, Avoid waterlogging
2. Nutrient Management: FYM + balanced NPK, Micronutrient spray if deficient
3. Weed Management: Hand weeding, Mulching
4. Plant Protection: Control: Aphids, Thrips, Mites, Fungal diseases
5. Growth Regulators: GA₃ → stem elongation, CCC → dwarfing

F. POST-HARVEST MANAGEMENT

• Grading
• Precooling
• Packaging
• Cold storage

G. PROTECTED CULTIVATION IN ORNAMENTALS

• Used for: Rose, Gerbera, Carnation
• Advantages: Better quality, Off-season production, Export flowers

9. Important Exam Points (Revision)

• Garden plants = living components of the landscape
• Trees → structure & shade
• Shrubs → borders & hedges
• Arboretum = collection of trees
• Shrubbery = ornamental shrub plantation
• Fernery = shaded fern garden
• Palmatum = palm collection garden
• Ferns reproduce by spores
• Shrubbery requires height arrangement
• Arboretum important for conservation & education
• Arch = curved climber support
• Pergola = shaded framework with pillars
• Hedge = dense shrub boundary
• Edge = low border planting
• Formal hedge requires regular clipping
• Pergolas create shaded walkways
• Defensive hedges use thorny plants
• Climbers require support; creepers spread on the ground
• Bougainvillea = hook climber
• Cacti adapted to xerophytic conditions
• Cacti → dry areas
• Succulents store water in tissues
• Herbs are aromatic and multipurpose
• Annuals complete their life cycle in one season
• Flower border = long narrow flowering strip
• Flower bed = mass floral planting area
• Ground covers prevent soil erosion
• Carpet beds use dwarf colorful foliage plants
• Bamboo groves create tropical effect
• Alternanthera important for carpet bedding
• Rose propagated mainly by budding
• Chrysanthemum requires pinching
• Marigold propagated through seeds
• Tuberose propagated by bulbs
• Gladiolus propagated through corms
• Jasmine requires annual pruning

Sources: Bose & Mukherjee (Gardening in India), Randhawa, G.S., ICAR publications, and NHB Floriculture Guidelines.

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